[Objective] Our main objective was to evaluate Favolus rugulosus indoor production in different substrates and to analyze the proximal composition of cultivated basidiomata. [Methodology] The studied species was identified by morphological and phylogenetic analyses based on ITS markers. Domestication capability was evaluated in different easy-access substrates. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activities were quantified, and proximal content was analyzed on cultivated basidiomata. [Results] Eucalypts sawdust-straw mixture produced basidiomata in higher yields in an intermediate amount of time (45 days). The highest concentration of phenolic compounds (35.6 ± 2.6 mg GAE g-1) and antioxidants (13.6 ± 1.3 mg AAE g-1) were obtained in the ethyl acetate fraction. Regarding proximal composition, F. rugulosus is composed of 20 % proteins, 15,4 % carbohydrates, 25,2 % dietary fiber and 5,7 % fat. [Conclusions] Nutritional composition analyses on cultivated basidiomata revealed F. rugulosus to be high in protein, carbohydrates, dietary fiber and essential fatty acids.

[Objetivo] El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la producción indoor de Favolus rugulosus en distintos sustratos y realizar los análisis de composición proximal de los basidiomas cultivados. [Metodología] La especie en estudio fue identificada por análisis morfológicos y filogenéticos basados en el marcador ITS. Se evaluó la capacidad de domesticación de la especie mediante el cultivo en distintos sustratos de fácil acceso, se cuantificó el contenido de compuestos fenólicos totales, antioxidantes y se realizó el análisis proximal de los basidiomas obtenidos. [Resultados] La mezcla eucalipto-paja resultó ser el mejor sustrato para la producción de basidiomas, por producir rindes más altos en un tiempo intermedio (45 días); la mayor concentración de compuestos fenólicos (35.6 ± 2.6 mg GAE g-1) y antioxidantes (13.6 ± 1.3 mg AAE g-1) se obtuvo en la fracción de acetato de etilo; en cuanto la composición proximal, F. rugulosus contiene 20 % proteínas, 15,4 % carbohidratos, 25,2 % fibra alimentaria y 5,7 % de grasas. [Conclusiones] Los análisis de composición química y nutricional del basidioma cultivado revelan que F. rugulosus es una fuente rica en  proteínas, carbohidratos, fibra alimentaria y ácidos grasos esenciales. 

Abstract In recent decades, mushrooms have been recognized as an important resource and efforts to characterize their potential to aid nutrition and human health have increased. Phlebopus beniensis specimen from a semi-urban community in Paraguay were analyzed for its biochemical properties, nutritional value, and toxicity. The species was identified by morpho-anatomical and molecular tools. Analyses for antioxidants by Ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) and nutritional content revealed that P. beniensis is a favorable source of antioxidants, proteins, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and fats. Spectrometry through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) further showcased other mycochemicals such as the specific phenolic, antioxidant, and fatty acid compounds that serve important biological roles in human diets. Applying an ethnomycological framework across local Paraguayan populations, we also report accounts of histories, knowledge, and usage of P. beniensis in South America among settlers and Paraguayan people.

Resumo Nas últimas décadas, os cogumelos foram reconhecidos como um recurso importante e os esforços para caracterizar seu potencial para auxiliar a nutrição e a saúde humana aumentaram. Espécimes de Phlebopus beniensis de uma comunidade semiurbana no Paraguai foram analisados quanto às suas propriedades bioquímicas, ao valor nutricional e à toxicidade. A espécie foi identificada por ferramentas morfoanatômicas e moleculares. Análises de antioxidantes por UV-VIS e conteúdo nutricional revelaram que P. beniensis é uma fonte favorável de antioxidantes, proteínas, carboidratos, fibras alimentares e gorduras. A espectrometria por meio de cromatografia gasosa- espectrometria de massa (GC-EM) mostrou ainda outros micoquímicos, como os compostos fenólicos, antioxidantes e ácidos graxos específicos, que desempenham importantes papéis biológicos na dieta humana. Aplicando uma estrutura etnomicológica em populações locais paraguaias, também relatamos histórias, conhecimento e uso de P. beniensis na América do Sul entre colonos e povos paraguaios.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the health management indicators related to the mobile emergency care service in Ceará. Method: This is a documentary, retrospective, quantitative study, carried out on the IntegraSUS website of the Ceará state government - Brazil, during the period July 2021, to analyze the indicators “total calls” and “average response time”. Results: It was verified a profile of prevalent calls for men (52.66%), with advanced age >70 years (22.06%), Covid-19 service occurrences for the Juazeiro central station (7.62%) and motorcycle accidents for the Eusébio central station (7.94%). The service got calls for 177 cities in Ceará (96.19%) with a longer average response time for Covid-19. Conclusion: The analysis signals the need to adjust strategies to improve the performance of the service response time, with a review of the organizational system, including the publication of data by the digital platform.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar los indicadores de gestión de salud relacionados con el servicio móvil de atención de urgencias en el Estado de Ceará. Método: se trata de un estudio documental, retrospectivo, de abordaje cuantitativo, realizado en el sitio IntegraSUS del gobierno del estado de Ceará - Brasil, en el período de julio de 2021, para el análisis de los indicadores “total de llamadas” y “tiempo medio de respuesta”. Resultados: se verificó un perfil de prevalencia de llamadas para hombres (52,66%), con edad avanzada >70 años (22,06%), ocurrencias de asistencia del Covid-19 para la Central Juazeiro (7,62%) y accidentes de motocicleta para la Central Eusébio (7,94%). El servicio obtuvo llamadas para 177 municipios de Ceará (96,19%) con un tiempo medio de respuesta mayor para Covid-19. Conclusión: el análisis señala la necesidad de ajustar las estrategias para mejorar el rendimiento del tiempo de respuesta del servicio, con una revisión del sistema organizativo, incluida la publicación de datos por la plataforma digital.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar os indicadores de gestão em saúde relacionados ao serviço de atendimento móvel de urgências do Ceará. Método: trata-se de um estudo documental, retrospectivo, de abordagem quantitativa, realizado no sítio eletrônico IntegraSUS do governo do estado do Ceará - Brasil, no período de julho de 2021, para análise dos indicadores “total de chamadas” e “tempo médio de resposta”. Resultados: verificou-se um perfil de chamadas prevalentes para homens (52,66%), com idade avançada >70 anos (22,06%), ocorrências de atendimento Covid-19 para a Central Juazeiro (7,62%) e acidentes por motocicleta para a Central Eusébio (7,94%). O serviço obteve chamados para 177 municípios cearenses (96,19%) com tempo médio de resposta maior para Covid-19. Conclusão: a análise sinaliza a necessidade de ajuste das estratégias para melhorar o desempenho do tempo-resposta do serviço, com revisão do sistema organizacional, inclusive, da publicização dos dados pela plataforma digital.

Resumen: La yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) es una hierba ampliamente consumida que se originó en Paraguay, pero que crece en la región entre el sur de Brasil, el norte de Argentina, Paraguay y Uruguay. Se informa que la planta posee múltiples propiedades medicinales que hacen que la yerba mate sea popular para el consumo en esta región. Actualmente también se considera un producto nutracéutico y un alimento funcional que es consumido en diferentes países del mundo. En medicina popular, se ha reportado científicamente que posee múltiples propiedades. Treinta y nueve marcas de muestras de yerba mate se analizaron mediante placas de dilución en serie y se incubaron a 25°C durante 5 días se determinó la incidencia fúngica. De las 39 muestras analizadas, el 15,4% estuvieron libres de la presencia de hongos y levaduras. El 84,6% restante presentó contaminación con incidencias variables de Aspergillus. Se observó la presencia de Aspergillus secciones nigri, flavi, circumdati, fumigati, wentii, usti, versicolor y Emericella nidulans, siendo la prevalente Aspergillus sección nigri, representando el 65,3%. Teniendo en cuenta los riesgos a la salud asociados con estos hongos, es importante considerar la formulación de regulaciones con respecto al tamaño de las partículas y la presencia de ocratoxinas y aflatoxinas en los productos comerciales de yerba mate.

Abstract: Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is a widely consumed herb which originated in Paraguay but grows widely in the region between Southern Brazil, Northern Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. The plant is reported to possess multiple medicinal properties which makes yerba mate popular for consumption as tea in this region. It is also being considered as a nutraceutical product and a functional food consumed in different countries around the world. In popular medicine, and it has been scientifically reported to possess multiple properties. Thirty-nine brands of yerba mate samples were analyzed by serial dilution plates. and incubated at 25 ° C for 5 days. Based on their morphological characteristics, the fungal incidence and the number of colonies forming units were determined. Of the 39 samples analyzed, 15.4% were free from the presence of fungi and yeasts. The remaining 84.6% of the samples were contaminated with variable contents of the fungi Aspergillus. The presence of Aspergillus sections nigri, flavi, circumdati, fumigati, wentii, usti, versicolor and Emericella nidulans was observed the most prevalent among them was Aspergillus section nigri, representing 65.3%. Considering the health risks associated with these fungi, it is important to consider formulating regulations regarding the particle size and the presence of ochratoxins and aflatoxins in commercial yerba mate products.

Abstract Studies involving the magnetic susceptibility (MS) of rocks are becoming increasingly frequent in geological surveys, mainly in those with petrogenetic approaches and in mineral prospecting. Portable devices have become a good alternative for data acquisition because of their practicality and low cost when compared to laboratory analyses. To assess the efficiency of data acquisition with such devices, 291 soil samples were measured with a Terra Plus KT-5 portable device in the field and with a double frequency Bartington MS2B sensor, with mass correction, in the laboratory. The data obtained allowed the characterization of four distinct populations, ranging from high to very low MS values. Statistical analysis showed good correlation between measurements with mass correction in the laboratory and those made with portable devices, resulting in a correlation coefficient (r) = 0.98. All samples obtained in the field and laboratory were utilized in this correlation. The populations identified by both means are in agreement, with subtle discrepancies, thereby demonstrating the efficiency of portable equipment for acquisition of MS data in geological studies.

Abstract: The determination of the ethanol concentration is an essential step in the fermentation processes, because depending on the progress of the fermentation process, they depend on specific steps in the optimization of the process. The potassium permanganate method is a quick, efficient and low-cost option that will allow monitoring the progress of ethanol production. In this work, the validation of this method of quantification of ethanol was carried out applying the Linearity, Precision and Veracity tests. For the first two trials glucose and ethanol standards were prepared, which were subjected to the reaction with DNS and potassium permanganate respectively. For the Veracity test, a known ethanol concentration was added to the YPD medium and pre-treated followed by DNS and Potassium Permanganate tests. The results indicate that this method yields accurate and reliable results, making it a viable alternative for the determination of ethanol concentration during a fermentation process.

Resumen: La determinación de la concentración de etanol es un paso esencial en los procesos de fermentación, debido a que, dependiendo del progreso del mismo, dependen pasos específicos en la optimización del proceso. Se han desarrollado muchas técnicas para este fin, pero son demandantes en costo y tiempo. El método de permanganato de potasio es una opción rápida, eficiente y de bajo costo que permitirá seguir el progreso de la producción de etanol. En este trabajo se realizó la validación de este método de cuantificación de etanol aplicando los ensayos de Linealidad, Precisión y Veracidad. Para los primeros dos ensayos se prepararon estándares de glucosa y etanol, los cuales se sometieron a la reacción con DNS y Permanganato de potasio respectivamente. Para el ensayo de Veracidad se adicionó una concentración conocida de etanol al medio YPD y se sometió a un pretratamiento seguido de los ensayos con DNS y Permanganato de Potasio. Los resultados obtenidos indican que este método arroja resultados certeros y confiables, convirtiéndolo en una alternativa viable para la determinación de de la concentración de etanol durante un proceso fermentativo.

Abstract: The discharge of pollutants of anthropogenic origin with the presence of nutrients such as Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), can trigger the eutrophication of bodies of water, due to the fact that excess nutrients cause an imbalance in aquatic ecosystems. The implementation of treatment systems based on biological processes emerge as an economically profitable alternative, with the possibility of generating value-added by-products in the process. In the present work, the applicability of the use of duckweed in the complementary treatment of effluents from Rotary Contact Biological Reactors (RBC) systems was evaluated with the aim of reducing the concentration of nutrients and generating enriched biomass. We worked with synthetic wastewater initially treated in a laboratory-scale RBC system. The effluent was subsequently used for the 96-hour growth of the Landoltia punctata species, on a mesocosm scale. The results indicate that removal percentages higher than 50% and 70% were obtained for N-NH and PO 3 4 respectively. Regarding the valuation of the biomass generated postharvest of L. punctata, the percentage of total proteins on average was 29.2% and for total lipids it was obtained on average 9.8%. The results obtained indicate the applicability of the species L. punctata for the polishing of effluents, demonstrating its effectiveness in the removal of nutrients and in the generation of biomass with high nutritional value, which can be implemented in animal nutrition.

Resumen: La descarga de contaminantes de origen antropogénico con presencia de nutrientes como Nitrógeno (N) y fósforo (P), pueden, desencadenar la eutrofización de cuerpos de agua, debido a que el exceso de nutrientes causa un desequilibrio en ecosistemas acuáticos. La implementación de sistemas de tratamiento basados en procesos biológicos surge como una alternativa económicamente rentable, con la posibilidad de generar subproductos de valor agregado en el proceso. En el presente trabajo se evaluó la aplicabilidad del uso de la lenteja de agua en el tratamiento complementario de efluentes provenientes de sistemas Reactores Biológicos Rotativos de Contacto (RBC) con el objetivo de reducir la concentración de nutrientes y generar biomasa en- riquecida. Se trabajó con agua residual sintética tratada inicialmente en un sistema RBC a escala laboratorio, el efluente de posteriormente se utilizó para el crecimiento durante 96 horas de la especie Landoltia punctata, a escala mesocosmos. Los resultados indican que se obtuvieron porcentajes de remoción superiores a 50% y 70% para el N-NH3 y PO43 respectivamente. En cuanto a la valorización de la biomasa generada poscosecha de L. punctata, el porcentaje de proteínas totales en promedio fue de 29,2% y para lípidos totales se obtuvo en promedio 9,8%. Los resultados obtenidos indican la aplicabilidad de la especie L. punctata para el pulido de efluentes, demostrando su eficacia en la remoción de nutrientes y en la generación de biomasa con alto valor nutritivo pudiendo ser implementadas en nutrición animal.

Abstract Airborne and ground magnetic and gravimetric maps provide important information about the spatial distribution of causative sources in the geological substrate. These sources normally have different physical properties and geometric shapes and are located at different depths, making it difficult to identify the geological features that correspond to the sources. Filtering and enhancement techniques can be used to highlight features in potential field anomalies (such as center and edges of sources). Also, these techniques remove associated noise, isolate shallow from deep sources, and estimate depths. We applied enhancement and depth estimation techniques in airborne and ground potential field data to delineate a subsurface structural framework of two copper occurrences (Victor Teixeira and Capão Grande) in the northwestern border of Camaquã Basin with the Sul-Riograndense Shield. Our results confirmed previously recognized structures and revealed an interconnected structural framework, which has an estimated depth of 170 m by Euler solutions. This configuration suggests a possible connection between the two mineralization outcrops, which are separated by a distance of 2,300 m.

Resumen Los mapas magnéticos y gravimétricos (aéreos y/o terrestres) suministran información importante sobre la distribución espacial de las fuentes del sustrato geológico, las cuales normalmente tienen propiedades físicas y geometrías diferentes. Estas fuentes también pueden estar localizadas a distintas profundidades, complicando la identificación de las correspondientes estructuras geológicas. Técnicas de filtrado y de realce de anomalías potenciales, pueden ser utilizadas para realzar ciertas características de interés (como el centro y el borde de las fuentes), para remover aquellas características asociadas a ruidos, para separar las anomalías de las fuentes superficiales y profundas, así como estimar sus profundidades. En este trabajo se analizan los resultados de la utilización de técnicas de realce y estimación de profundidad de las fuentes con datos geofísicos aéreos y terrestres potenciales, con el objetivo de delinear una imagen estructural del subsuelo en un área con dos ocurrencias de cobre en el límite noroeste, entre las rocas del Escudo Sul-Riograndense y la Cuenca del Camaquã. Los resultados confirman estructuras que han sido reconocidas previamente y revelan otras estructuras geológicas que integran una malla estructural interconectada, cuya profundidad, estimada por las soluciones de Euler, alcanzan los 170 m. Esta configuración sugiere una probable conexión entre las mineralizaciones de cobre observadas en los afloramientos, separados por un intervalo de 2,300 m.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a toxic metabolite derived from aflatoxin B. Its ingestion in infants has been related to growth retardation, increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, reduced immunization efficiency, and cirrhosis. In Paraguay, exclusive breastfeeding is recommended up to 6 months of age, however, different brands of infant formulas targeted at this age range are marketed. Objective: To detect and quantify the presence of AFM1 in infant formulas marketed in the Metropolitan Area. Materials and Methods: Fluid (n = 18) and powder (n = 91) formulas for infants aged 0 to 12 months were purchased from pharmacies and supermarkets in the Metropolitan Area of Asunción and were analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunoaffinity assay (ELISA). Results: 9.75% (0 to 6 months) and 2% (6 to 12 months) of the powdered milk formulas and 100% of the fluid formulas were positive for AFM1. The median content of AFM1 in powder formulas was 1820 ng/kg and 510 ng/kg in brands A and B, while in liquid formulas it was 31.8 ng/kg and 33.6 ng/kg for the two brands analyzed respectively (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: AFM1 was detected in all the liquid formulas analyzed, and in 2 and 9.7% of the powder formulas of brands A and B, respectively. The levels of AFM1 were higher in the powder formulas.

RESUMEN Introducción: La aflatoxina M1 (AFM1) es un metabolito tóxico derivado de la aflatoxina B. Su ingestión en lactantes se ha relacionado con retraso en el crecimiento, aumento de susceptibilidad a enfermedades infecciosas, reducción de la eficiencia en la inmunización y cirrosis. En Paraguay se recomienda lactancia exclusiva hasta los 6 meses, sin embargo se comercializan diferentes marcas de fórmulas infantiles dirigidas a lactantes menores de 6 meses. Objetivo: Detectar y cuantificar la presencia de AFM1 en fórmulas para lactantes comercializadas en el Área Metropolitana. Materiales y Métodos: Se adquirieron fórmulas fluidas (n=18) y en polvo (n=91) para lactantes de 0 a 12 meses de farmacias y supermercados del Área Metropolitana de Asunción y fueron analizados mediante el ensayo de inmunoafinidad ligado a enzimas (ELISA). Resultados: 9,75% (0 a 6 meses) y 2% (6 a 12 meses) de las fórmulas lácteas en polvo y 100% de las fórmulas fluidas resultaron positivas para AFM1. La mediana de contenido de AFM1 en formulas en polvo fue de 1820 ng/kg y 510 ng/kg en las marcas A y B. En las fórmulas líquidas fue de 31,8 ng/kg y 33,6 ng/kg para las dos marcas analizadas respectivamente, p=0,0001. Conclusiones: Se detectó AFM1 en todas las fórmulas líquidas analizadas, y en el 2 y 9,7% de las fórmulas en polvo de las marcas Ay B respectivamente Los niveles de AFM1 fueron mayores en las fórmulas en polvo.

Abstract We present airborne magnetic and radiometric characteristics of some igneous suites from the Ponta Grossa Arch Alkaline Province (southern Brazil), namely the Bairro da Cruz, Banhadão, Barra do Itapirapuã, Mato Preto and Tunas complexes, Barra do Teixeira Phonolite, Itapirapuã Nepheline syenite, and José Fernandes Gabbro. We applied magnetic susceptibility 3D inversions using the total magnetic anomaly data together with its analytic signal of the vertical integral and the vertical integral of the analytic signal for the Bairro da Cruz, José Fernandes, and Tunas intrusions. Gamma-ray spectrometric methods involved analyses of basic, ternary, and ratio maps, thorium-normalized parameters, and radioelement concentrations at sampled data points. Stacked profiles from geophysical data were generated for each rock. The Bairro da Cruz, José Fernandes, and Tunas intrusions are associated with dipolar anomalies with normal polarity whereas their inversions show low magnetic susceptibility values. Gamma-ray spectrometric results allowed us to verify that all complexes are enriched mainly in eTh. Carbonatite bodies showed the highest contents of eTh and eU. Our findings are consistent with geophysical responses of alkaline bodies and impact the understanding of geophysical signatures, especially radiometric ones, of alkaline provinces in Brazil.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the construction of the Jirau hydroelectric plant on the anopheline species, in Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil. For this, sampling was carried out in 23 locations in the pre (2004) and 23 after construction (2018) phases in the hydroelectric dam's coverage area, performed by human landing catch between 6:00 pm and 10:00 pm. We found 14 anopheline species. In the pre-construction phase, An. darlingi (73%) was the most abundant and after construction An. braziliensis (31.5%) was the most abundant. The T test indicated that there were no differences in the indexes – diversity (H '), richness (Sjack 1), equitability (J’) and dominance (d) of anophelines species - evaluated between the phases (p > 0.05). The spatio-temporal distribution of An. darlingi proved to be wide, with the highest density values observed in March ( x ¯w = 27.1) in the pre-construction phase and in the months of May ( x ¯w = 4) and July ( x ¯w = 3.1), post-construction. Differences in hematophagic activity peaks were observed between species and between phases. According to the data obtained in this study, the construction of the hydroelectric plant had little influence on the composition of anopheline species, however changes were observed in the spatio-temporal distribution of the An. darlingi and in the pattern of hematophagic activity of the species, which directly influenced the dynamics of malaria in the region.

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the possible effects of diflubenzuron on the associated insect fauna under laboratory, semi-field and field conditions. Laboratory bioassays were performed in aquariums with mortality readings (%) every 24h until 96h, and in semi-fields, insects were kept in basins with readings every 24h for up to 12 days, in triplicates and a control. In the field experiment, a collection was performed before the application of diflubenzuron in ten brick factory pits (25m²) and 15 post-application. The values of LC50 and LC90 for Chironomus were 2.77x10-3g/L and 0.86g/L, respectively, and for Buenoa, they were 0.019g/L and 0.92g/L, a strong relationship was observed between mortality and exposure time (r²>0.8) in all concentrations used. In semi-field, similar mean values of emergency inhibition were observed, except for Euthyplociidae, which was more sensitive. There was no significant difference between the data of richness and diversity of aquatic insects in the field experiment, considering an interval of 15 days (p=0.32). Finally, the data suggest that diflubenzuron may have a negative effect on the associated insect fauna, but in the field experiment the environmental conditions of Anopheles breeding sites may have affected its efficiency.

Resumo Este artigo problematiza o aspecto fetichista da imagem do corpo ideal a partir da discussão do calendário de uma clínica de nutrição e estética. Discute-se a dinâmica de formação de massas, conforme a teoria freudiana, para pensar como um padrão de corpo perfeito pode ser eleito como ideal a ser alcançado por indivíduos nas sociedades contemporâneas. A lógica do mercado sustenta a imagem dos corpos ditos perfeitos na posição de fetiche e oferece acesso a essa suposta conquista por meio de produtos e serviços que trariam plenitude. Tal estratégia busca velar a castração oferecendo um substituto palpável que nega a falta e afirma a completude do outro, sustentando uma legião de pessoas que se envolve numa busca quase compulsiva pela realização desse ideal.

Abstract This article analyzes the calendar of a nutrition and aesthetics clinic to discuss the fetishistic aspect of the ideal body image. We verify the dynamics of mass formation, according to Freudian theory, to posit how a perfect body pattern can be elected as the ideal to be achieved by individuals in contemporary societies. The logic of the market sustains the image of the so-called perfect bodies in the position of a fetish, offering access to this supposed conquest through products and services that would lead to fulfilness. This strategy aims to veil castration by offering a palpable substitute that denies the faults and affirms the completeness of others, sustaining a legion of people engaged in an almost compulsive quest towards accomplishing this ideal.

Resumen El presente artículo problematiza el aspecto fetichista de la imagen del cuerpo ideal a partir del análisis del calendario de una clínica de nutrición. Se discute la dinámica de formación de masas, según la teoría freudiana, para pensar cómo un patrón de cuerpo perfecto puede ser elegido como lo ideal a ser alcanzado por individuos en las sociedades contemporáneas. La lógica del mercado sostiene la imagen de cuerpos perfectos en fetiches y ofrece acceso a esa supuesta conquista por medio de productos y servicios que traerían la plenitud. Tal estrategia pretende velar la castración, ofreciendo un sustituto que niega la falta y afirma la completud del otro, lo que sostiene una legión de personas involucradas en una búsqueda casi compulsiva para concretizar ese ideal.

Résumé Cet article questionne l’aspect fétichiste de l’image du corps idéal par l’analyse du calendrier d’une clinique de nutrition et d’esthétique. Nous discutons de la dynamique de la formation de masse, selon la théorie freudienne, pour réfléchir comment un modèle corporel parfait peut être élu comme idéal à atteindre par les individus dans les sociétés contemporaines. La logique du marché soutient l’image des corps dits parfaits comme un fétiche et permet d’accéder à cette supposée conquête à travers des produits et services qui en apporteraient la plénitude. Cette stratégie vise à assurer la castration en offrant un substitut qui nie le manque et affirme la perfection de l’autre, soutenant une légion de personnes qui se lancent dans une quête compulsive pour la réalisation de cet idéal.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Mycotoxicoses are diseases caused by mycotoxins, secondary toxic metabolites produced by filamentous fungi. Infants are especially susceptible to this type of toxins due to the anatomical and functional immaturity of their digestive and immune systems, which is related to the amount of food eaten and their weight. Objective: To determine the presence of mycotoxins in foods for infants sold in pharmacies and supermarkets in the Metropolitan Area. Materials and methods: 66 units of products from six different brands of imported commercial sweet and salty preparations and strained foods from pharmacies and supermarkets in the Metropolitan Area were randomly collected. Subsequently, they were analyzed by the enzyme-linked immunoaffinity test (ELISA). The variance analysis and the subsequent comparison of means of mycotoxin concentrations were performed using the Tukey test (95% CI), with the InfoStat® statistic. Results: The prevalent mycotoxins were aflatoxins (AF) and T-2 Toxin, which were present in 39% of the sample units analyzed, both in preparations and in strains. In third order of importance we detected Ochratoxin A (OTA) in 18% of the units. Fourth, deoxinivalenol (DON) products were detected in 4%. There were significant differences between the preparations and the strains, with the strains having the highest concentration levels of all the mycotoxins studied. Conclusions: Variable levels of AF, OTA, T-2 and DON were found in infant foods marketed in the Metropolitan Area. The strains showed a higher average concentrations of mycotoxins in all the products analyzed. Both AF and OTA exceeded the maximum limits allowed by international standards.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las micotoxicosis son enfermedades producidas por micotoxinas, metabolitos secundarios tóxicos producidos por hongos filamentosos. Los lactantes son especialmente susceptibles a este tipo de toxinas debido a la inmadurez anatómica y funcional de sus sistemas digestivo e inmune, lo que se refleja en la relación entre la cantidad de alimento ingerida y su peso. Objetivo: Determinar la presencia de micotoxinas en alimentos para lactantes comercializados en farmacias y supermercados del Área Metropolitana. Materiales y métodos: Se colectaron al azar 66 unidades de productos de seis marcas diferentes de preparados y colados comerciales importados, dulces y salados, de farmacias y supermercados del Área Metropolitana. Posteriormente, fueron analizados mediante el ensayo de inmunoafinidad ligado a enzimas (ELISA). Se realizó el análisis de varianza y la posterior comparación de medias de las concentraciones de micotoxinas mediante la prueba de Tukey (IC= 95%), con el estadístico InfoStat®. Resultados: Las micotoxinas prevalentes fueron aflatoxinas (AF) y Toxina T2, que se presentaron en 39% de las unidades muestrales analizadas, tanto en preparados como en colados. En tercer orden de importancia se encuentra ocratoxina A (OTA), detectada en 18% de las mismas. En cuarto lugar, deoxinivalenol (DON) se detectó en 4% los productos. Se presentaron diferencias significativas entre los preparados y los colados, siendo los colados los que en media presentaron niveles más altos de concentraciones de todas las micotoxinas estudiadas. Conclusiones: Se constataron niveles variables de AF, OTA, T2 y DON en los alimentos para lactantes comercializados en el Área Metropolitana. Los colados presentaron concentraciones más elevadas de micotoxinas en media en todos los productos analizados. Tanto AF como OTA superaron los límites máximos permitidos por las normas internacionales.

Abstract: Chromium is one of the largest inorganic pollutants in water and soil in Paraguay, causing serious environmental problems. This metal comes mainly from tannery effluents that are dumped into water courses. The aim of this work was to use alternative remediation techniques for the treatment of waters with high chromium content, using natural media (plants), in a process called phytoremediation. Specimens of Eicchornia crassipes were subjected to controlled contamination with Cr3+ for 20 days and the maximum tolerated concentration during the whole period of the experiment was considered to study the cup and the absorption capacity of Cr3+ from the species. The kinetic constants of this process were: constant absorption: Kab= 0.10 days -1, and absorption half time: t= 6.8 dys. In the final tannery effluent with 22.4 mg.L-1 of Cr3+, at 48 hours there was almost complete absorption of the chromium supplied, leaving 1.28 mg.L-1 of chromium in the effluent. The chromium translocation factors for E. crassipes were 0.008 and 0.02 in well water and effluent respectively and bioaccumulation factors were 11.6 and 3.2 respectively. No significant differences were found between the chlorophyll content in the plants exposed in chromium solution compared to the control. Neither was oxidation found from Cr3+ to Cr6+ spectrophotometrically measured.

Resumen: El cromo es uno de los mayores contaminantes inorgánicos de las aguas y del suelo en el Paraguay, acarreando serios problemas ambientales. Este metal proviene principalmente de efluentes de curtiembres que son vertidos a cursos de aguas. El objetivo de este trabajo es emplear técnicas de remediación alternativas para el tratamiento de aguas con alto contenido de cromo, utilizando medios naturales (plantas), en un proceso denominado fitorremediación. Ejemplares de Eichhornia crassipes fueron sometidos a una contaminación controlada con Cr3+ durante 20 días y se consideró la máxima concentración tolerada durante todo el periodo del experimento para estudiar la taza y la capacidad de absorción del Cr3+ de la especie. Las constantes cinéticas de este proceso fueron: constante de absorción K0,10 días -1, y tiempo medio de absorción: t1/2= 6,8 días. En el efluente final de curtiembre, con 22,4 mg.L-1 de Cr3+, a las 48 horas se produjo una absorción casi completa del cromo suministrado, quedando en el efluente 1,28 mg.L-1 del cromo. Los factores de translocación del cromo para E. crassipes fueron 0,008 y 0,02 en agua de pozo y efluente respectivamente y los factores de bioacumulación 11,6 y 3,2 respectivamente. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre el contenido de clorofila en los vegetales expuestas en solución de cromo en comparación con el control. Tampoco se encontró oxidación del Cr3+ a Cr6+ medidos espectrofotométricamente.